Background and Aim: consumption of the epidermis (COE) is defined as thinning of the epidermis with attenuation of the basal and suprabasal layers and loss of rete ridges in areas of direct contact with malignant melanocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of COE as an additional diagnostic criterion for malignant melanoma and to evaluate its relationship to clinicopathological findings.Methodes: The age, gender, localization of the lesion and the histopathological parameters such as tumor type, Breslow thickness, ulceration, and Clark’s level were recoeded in 90 malignant melanoma cases.Results: In contrast to other studies, we found that COE was more common in tumors with an acral localization and in the acral lentiginous melanoma.Conclusion: Although COE can be used as a pathological criterion in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, but no correlation no of COE with ulceration and other prognostic factors were found.

The aim of this research is evaluation of different Feeding frequency on growth parameters and survival rate of fingerling Cyprinus carpio fishes during 8 weeks. In this research 240 individual fishes with initial weight range of 8. 85-9. 26(gr) in 4 different treatments and 3 replicate such as T1 (once a day at 10 h), T 2 (twice a day at 8 and 16 h), T 3 (thrice a day at 8, 12 and 16 h) and T 4 (four times a day at 8, 12, 16 and 20 h) were tested. Feeding rate was done according to 5 percent of body weight in a day. Results showed that, there are significant differences in increase of final fish body weight and final body length between different treatments (P<0. 05). Although, highest body weight and body length increase in T 3 (thrice a day) was observed. Also, there were significant differences in different parameters such as FCR, SGR, BWI, PBWI, FI, CF, GR and production parameters between different treatments (P<0. 05). However, there was no significant differences in survival rate of different treatments observed (P>0. 05). Finally, 3 times Feeding frequency in a day (T 3) according to growth performance of different treatments for common carp fingerling fish was suggested.

Introduction: Physical attributes of Feeds and Feed bunk space can affect Feeding behavior of replacement heifers. The distribution of particle size can affect Feed intake, Feeding behavior, and Feed sorting. Research on adult dairy cattle has focused on preventing rumen acidosis by varying particle size, but less work has focused on rations for replacement heifers. On the other side, the trend in the dairy industry has been toward fewer but larger herds and a concurrent change toward group Feeding and handling in the larger herds. Where herds are expanded within existing facilities, competition at the Feed bunk could increase. Ad libitum Feeding of complete Feeds reduces this competition between lactating cattle. However, ad libitum Feeding of replacement yearling heifers could result in wasted Feed, overeating, and fatty infiltration of the mammary gland with a reduction in future production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction effect of Feed bunk space and forage particle size on growth and performance of Holstein female calves. Material and methods: This experiment was performed on 40 Holstein female calves with an average age of 8-12 months and an average weight of 295. 6 ± 32. 8 kg in a factorial design with four treatments, four periods and four stall, in which 10 calves were allocated to each stall. The length of each experimental period was 25 days and the calves were group fed in this experiment. The diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The only difference between diets was related to the forage particle size (alfalfa and straw). Treatments included: 1) treatment with 24 cm of Feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 3 cm (24/fine); 2) treatment with 24 cm of Feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 6 cm (24/coarse); 3) treatment with 48 cm of Feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 3 cm (48/fine); 4) treatment with 48 cm of Feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 6 cm (48/coarse). Sampling from Feed and Feeder was carried out at 15, 17, 19, and 21 days in each period. The dry matter intake of each stall was also carried out on days 15, 17, 19 and 21 in order to determine the intensity of Feed consumption at 2, 4, 6, 8 hour after morning Feed delivery, as the Feed in the Feed bunk was weighed and then returned to the Feed bunk and the amount of Feed consumed by every stall and for each calf was also calculated. To determine dry matter, collected samples was dried by placing them in an oven at 65-70 ° C for 48 hours (AOAC, 1990). Then the Feed intake and intake intensity at different hours were corrected based on dry matter. Results and discussion: Results of the current study confirmed the synchronize of Feed consumption behavior in growing calves, which during the first 2 hours after Feed delivery, calves consumed about 5045% of the daily intake of dry matter. Also, about 90-80% of the dry matter was consumed within the first 8 hours after the Feed delivery, and in the next 16 hours only 10-20% of the Feed intake occurred. The results for the main effects showed that Feed bunk space has no effect on daily gain, dry matter, and Feed intake, while the forage particle size affected both of dry matter intake and Feed conversion ratio (P <0. 05), so that the Feed conversion ratio was significantly higher for the treatments with fine forage particle size in comparison with treatments with coarse forage particle size (9. 75 vs. 8. 52). Also, daily dry matter intake for treatments with fine forage particle size was higher compared with the treatments with coarse forage particle size (7. 93 vs. 7. 65 kg/day/calf). Also, the amount of daily dry matter was higher for treatments with fine forage particles compared to treatments with coarse forage particles, but this higher consumption was not necessarily equal to higher daily gain. Also, there were not any significant differences between treatments containing fine forage particles and treatments with coarse forage particles for average daily gain. Finally, particle size in the growing Holstein female calves can be used as a means of controlling the dry matter and to economize the Feed cost in this group of livestock. Conclusion: Considering the importance of controlling the dry matter intake of replacement calves, it can be stated that regarding the high proportions of forage to concentrate in growing female calves, forage particle size can be used as a management solution for controlling the dry matter intake and growth of this group of livestock. Therefore, supply of diets containing coarse forage particle size can help to economize the cost of replacing calves.

Background and objective: consumption of insects as alternative sustainable source of protein for humans and animals has been promoted. Other than nutritional benefits, insects could increase cost-effectiveness of food or Feed systems. The present research aims to use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the challenges lying ahead of breeding and consumption of insects as Feed and food in view of consumers. Materials and methods: This study was done by a descriptive-analytical method. The participants were inhabitants of Tehran (Iran). The current challenges ahead of edible insects were investigated according to opinions of experts in the field and review of the relevant literatures. A questionnaire was prepared and further completed by 20 experts. The challenges were identified as eight criteria including economy, infrastructure, health and food, culture and attitude, management and support, legal limitation, sustainable development, and education. Then, 83 sub-criteria were defined for the eight criteria. In order to prioritize the criteria and the sub-criteria, a hierarchical tree was designed. At the end, paired comparison matrices were analyzed by Expert Choice 11 software and relative/final weights of the criteria and the sub-criteria were calculated. Results and conclusion: Results showed that “ health and food” with final weight of 0. 335, “ culture and attitude” with final weight of 0. 222, and “ education” with final weight of 0. 190 were the top three challenges. Importantly, incompatibility rate was less than 0. 1 in all cases. At sub-criteria level, acceptability of edible insects by people in term of “ taste and odor” , “ existence of pathogenic microorganisms” , and “ possible poisoning in human” with final weights of 0. 049, 0. 037, and 0. 035, respectively, were considered as the most important challenges. Our evaluation revealed that health-related issues were the main challenges in acceptance of insects as Feed and food in Iran.

In order to investigate the effect of dry sugar beet pulp on the performance of native geese, an experiment was conducted in completely randomized design in 5 treatments and 3 replications, 10 of male and female gosling in each replication. Five dietary treatments included the control group and diets with 5, 7, 10 and 15 percent of sugar beet pulp. During the breeding period, weight gain, Feed consumption and Feed conversion ratio were evaluated weekly. At the end of the experiment, two geese, one male and one female, were randomly selected from each replicate and killed for carcass traits. The results showed that in consecutive weeks, treats with different levels of sugar beet pulp had the highest average weight gain compare to control group (P<0.05). The treatments containing different levels of sugar beet pulp did not show any significant difference with the control group in terms of Feed conversion ratio except for the 1-7 day breeding period. Using of sugar beet pulp reduced the weight percentage of thighs and increased the weight percentage of gut and viscera (P<0.05). The highest weight percentage of the carcass and the lowest weight percentage of gut and viscera were observed in the control group (P≤0.05). Also, the lowest weight percentage of back and neck is observed in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, considering of Feed cost per kilogram of meat and the better performance of the bird, the use of sugar beet pulp up to 15% in the rations of geese is suggested.

Endocannabinoid system plays a critical role in the regulation of appetite in mammals. In the present study, the effect of avian brain CB1 receptor on food intake of broilers was studied. ACEA, a potent CB1 agonist, and AM281, a potent CB1 antagonist, were injected into the chicken right lateral cerebral ventricle and food intake was measured 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes post injection. The results indicate that CB1 agonist and antagonist increase and decrease food intake, respectively. Also, pretreatment with CB1 antagonist fully inhibits the CB1-agonist-induced food intake. The results of the study are consistent with the experiments carried out in mammals.

To overcome the Feed wastage problem the present experiment was conducted in which 12 does with their suckling rabbits (60 young) were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups. The recommended pellet and crumbled pellet (small size devoid of glossy surface) were supplied as Feed for 30 consecutive days after which precise assessment was performed. Result show that the crumbled pellet consumption could minimize Feed waste from 12.4%in control group to 0.7% in experimental group with no adverse effects. It has also caused 13% increase in young's weight rate.

In aquaculture, determining the production process of metabolites and changes in water quality and biodegradation according to the cultured species plays an important role in determining the capacity of the cultured systems and how to set the appropriate environmental conditions for the cultured species. Therefore, Therefore, in this study, in a completely randomized design, rainbow trout (Oncorhynccus mykiss) in four groups with an average weight of 20±3, 5±50, 9±100 and 10±200 g (SD±mean) were introduced to 300 liter fiberglass tanks (200 liters) as experimental treatments with three replications and fed commercial food for three days. Then the fishes were separated from the tanks and the biodegradation process of their metabolites was investigated. When the fish were present in the tanks and the ammonia was excreted from them, the concentration of ammonia in the water increased significantly until the third day of the experiment, but after the fish were collected, the ammonia excretion stopped. Following the nitrification phenomenon, the concentration of nitrite and then the nitrate increased and the nitrate accumulated in the water and its concentration increased over the time.  In the continuation of the experiment, due to the phenomenon of nitrification, the concentration of nitrite and nitrate increased. The phosphorus content of water (during the experiment) was significantly different among treatments (except the first and fourth weights) (P<0.05). An increase in electrical conductivity (between the starting and third days) was completely evident during the first three days of the experiment, but after the collection of fish, its increase continued with a lower intensity.  Significant difference was observed in total hardness value among different fish weights (P<0.05). Other elements such as sulfate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, manganese, molybdate, and total hardness were also measured. However, some of them were produced in relatively small quantities by fish, or were insignificant in the diet. For this reason, their concentration in water was negligible, or their changes did not follow a specific law over time. The results of this study showed that, it is possible to measure the amount of nutrients produced in the consumed food unit and to maintain the water quality, the waste can be removed from the water as soon as possible so that it does not increase the concentration of pollutants in the water. According to the rates of food consumetion, temperature of the water and changes in water quality, it is possible to estimate the rate of biodegradation of organic matter and metabolite production in a culture system of rainbow trout.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different Feed restriction periods on the growth performance as well as the biochemical and fatty acid compositions of fillet in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish with an average initial weight of 64. 80± 7. 41g were used in the study. The trial lasted 60 days and 4 different Feeding diets were alternately applied to the fish. The control group (C) was fed continuously throughout the trial while the other groups were fed 2 days starvation 1 day-1 Feeding (2D), 4 days starvation 1 day-1 Feeding (4D), and 6 days starvation 1 day-1 Feeding (6D). The average weight of the fish at the end of the trial was 219. 78± 31. 32g (C), 168. 41± 21. 44g (2D), 116. 60± 12. 28g (4D), and 87. 64± 12. 99g (6D), respectively. The fillet protein values were determined as 20. 85± 0. 69 (C), 19. 82± 0. 68 (2D), 18. 19± 0. 79 (4D), and 18. 42± 1. 21 (6D), respectively. The lipid values were 6. 18± 0. 40 (C), 3. 35± 0. 41 (2D), 2. 26± 1. 63 (4D), and 1. 94± 0. 63 (6D), respectively. The lipid lean-1 body mass values were 0. 27± 0. 05 (C), 0. 16± 0. 03 (2D), 0. 08± 0. 05 (4D), and 0. 11± 0. 03 (6D), respectively. Regarding the analyses conducted on fish muscle tissues, the differences between the control group and Feed restriction groups were statistically significant in terms of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, Omega-3, Omega-6, and Omega-9 values. In conclusion, it has been determined that the different Feed restriction periods in the Feeding of rainbow trout had an effect on the duration of reaching the marketable weight, Feed conversion rates, meat yield, fillet protein, and fat ratio values and increased reaction to Feed.